Collective behavior is seen in a variety of biological organizations, varying from the collective attack of viruses on bacterial cells to troops of baboons. This may lead to the synchronized oscillations that includes either fire flies or cells being able to synchronize their time clocks. This can be observed with humans as well, where individual cells synchronize into circadian rhythms.

Phytoplankton constitute the base the of the aquatic food web and are a primary driver of biogeochemical processes in the ocean. The concentration of chlorophyll-α ([Chl-α]) were being used as a proxy to quantify phytoplankton activity in ocean. Its concentration in ocean can be obtained through analysis spectral bands variance in remote sensing reflectance measurement(e.g.

The physical and chemical characterization of atmospheric aerosol particles proves challenging due to the nature and complexity of these particles in the atmosphere. The properties of aerosol particles are dependent on a multitude of factors including, but not limited to, the aerosol properties, such as source, morphology, and mixing state, as well as atmospheric influences, such as reactions, transport, and ambient temperature and humidity.

Apisata Holt^1,2, Yajan Yan^1,2,3, and Jason Locklin^1,2,3

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, United States,

²New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, United States,

³College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, United States

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a relatively new cancer treatment modality where light is used to activate photosensitizer molecules to produce toxic radicals.¹ Recently, PDT is found to induce anticancer immunity while killing cancer cells. However, the immunity is often not strong enough to prevent systemic tumor control or tumor recurrence.²

Chromatography, despite being a technique over a century old, is a staple in modern chemical analysis. Its applications have become so broad since its inception due to developments in instrumentation, such as high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography, and equally so due to the chemistries and structures of the stationary phases.

Oxidation of hydrocarbons is comprised of a series of chemical reactions that are in constant competition based on the conditions of the reaction environment. Further understanding of these pathways and the implications of this competition is important to improving the efficiency of combustion systems used for transportation. To calculate the contribution of each reaction, quantification of the intermediates formed must be conducted. However, these intermediates either have a short lifespan or are formed from various complex reaction networks.

Singlet Fission (SF) is a process, in which a singlet excited state is converted into two triplet excited states within a molecular system ^[1] . From an application point of view, SF in the molecular semiconductor is known to generate triplet excitons that are energetically matched to the bandgap of silicon or perovskite ^[2] .

The synthesis of highly strained molecules has garnered significant interest from the chemical community over the last few decades. The tetrahedral isomer of the C₄H₄ molecule (tetrahedrane) is a prototypical example of a strained molecule and remains elusive to experimental chemists despite its predicted theoretical kinetic stability[1]. Earlier this year Cummins and coworkers published a groundbreaking study in which they successfully isolated the PC₃(t-Butyl)₃ derivative of tetrahedrane[2].

Controlled placement of molecules is a necessary step for the future of nanoscale synthetic methods. Although layer deposition methods provide a bottom-up process for the construction of microscopic structures, the lack of precision limits the minimum size of these designs.